Gender in Business Practice and Theory

Gender in business practice and theory The past few decades have been characterised by an increment in the rate at which women are entering the business arena. The motivation for women to venture into entrepreneurship has arisen from a number of factors such as the need to achieve work-life balance.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Gender in Business Practice and Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The available literature shows that women have encountered numerous cases of discrimination at the workplace (Joanne 2013). For example, they are not provided with an opportunity to progress through the career path in addition to inequitable pay (Brush 2006). Subsequently, entrepreneurship has become a vital element that women are adopting in order to achieve their personal goals. Through entrepreneurship, women are in a position to circumvent the ‘glass ceiling’ effect associated with paid employment (Brush 2006). Therefore, their contribution to the global economy has increased substantially. Wang and Calvano (2015) affirm that the success of women in business has arisen from the adoption of better ethical business practices as compared to men. Women tend to approach business based on a strong moral-orientation. According to the Gilligan’s moral expectation theory, women are highly emphatic on moral issues in conducting business practices (Kim Sherraden 2014). Despite their effort to venture into the business world through entrepreneurship or paid work, women continue to experience numerous challenges that limit their long-term success. Different theories have been formulated in an effort to explain the factors limiting the women’s success in business and the workplace. First, the liberal theory cites discrimination and difficulty in accessing the necessary resources required to succeed in business as the key factors hindering the women’s entrepreneurship and career progress in their respective workplace (Kim Sherraden 2014).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conversely, the social feminist theory affirms that the difference between men and women is inherent and it arises from early and ongoing socialisation (Locklin 2007). The theory postulates that men and women engage in different social activities in their early life that shape their general worldview. On the social feminist theory, Locklin (2007, p.22) posits that women’s lesser experience ‘in working in similar firms and in helping to start-up businesses may help to explain the slower income growth, smaller size, and sales per employee of their firms’. Contradictory perspectives The above theories highlight the existence of contradictory perspectives regarding women. First, women are perceived as less educated and experienced to warrant them an oppor tunity to be leaders in business entities or engage in entrepreneurship. This perspective has become a major source of discrimination of women in the workplace. The viewpoint adopted by social feminist theorists that the differences between men and women in business arise from how they are socialised does not translate into a significant difference with reference to business performance. Additionally, the social feminism theory underscores the fact that men and women are not equal, which has become a major source of discrimination and sex stereotyping against women. The perception that women have limited experience and the necessary knowledge to establish successful business entities has further increased the challenges faced by women in businesses. For example, finance lenders such as financial institutions develop the perception that extending financial credit to women is a riskier decision as compared to issuing loans to men.Advertising We will write a custom report sample o n Gender in Business Practice and Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the contrary, the performance of women in the business is also affected by their innate traits such as charisma, which is critical in entrepreneurship and career progression in the workplace. Despite their involvement in entrepreneurship, women are considered as more suited in the service-oriented industries as compared to men. Brush (2006, p.196) emphasises that the ‘traditional male-centred business model is assumed to be the normal model for entrepreneurship’. The existence of this perspective has led to the development of stereotypic belief and expectations of how women and men should act. Moreover, such beliefs have significantly influenced the division of roles between men and women. Women have been associated with domestic activities and care giving over the past decades, which negatively affect their identity in paid-work environments (Mi chailidis, Morphitou Theophylatou 2012). The male-centred business environment limits the development of a fair business environment (Bernard 2000). Contemporary issues and global perspective Over the past few years, the role women in business and their contribution to the global economy has increased considerably. Consequently, organisations are increasingly appreciating women as a critical component of their human capital. Furthermore, governments have identified women as a critical component of the labour market. This aspect has motivated most countries to advocate equality in the workplace. Locklin (2007) cites the adoption of legislations on equality in the workplace as one of the contemporary gender issues in the workplace. Australia is one of the countries that have appreciated the importance of equality in the workplace. The country has implemented a number of legislations. For example, in 2012, the country adopted the Workplace Gender Equality Act (Gaze 2014). Other key le gislations that Australia has integrated include the 1984 Sex Discrimination Act and the 1986 Affirmative Action Act (Gaze 2014).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Governments are not only prohibiting sexual harassment against women in the workplace, but they are also increasingly pressurising business entities to eliminate discriminatory practices based on gender. In their quest to comply with government policies, business entities have considered gender as one of the critical components in the pursuit for diversity in the workplace. The objective of gender equality policies is to provide employees with equal employment and career progression opportunities irrespective of their gender. Therefore, women are increasingly being provided with the opportunity to progress through the diverse levels of management via job promotion. Therefore, one can argue that the growth on the relevance of gender in the workplace has arisen from the need to entrench the concepts of equity and fairness in the workplace. Currently, women have risen to take their rightful places in the management of international organisations. The current Yahoo! CEO, Marissa Mayer, is a good example of what women can achieve when given the opportunity to lead. In addition, women have ventured politics and achieved significant progress including leading key government institutions. In some parts of the world, women have become presidents, prime ministers, and chancellors among other numerous powerful positions. Despite the steps being adopted by governments and organisations in an effort to entrench equality in the workplace, the labour market is characterised by limited exploitation of the female talent. Gaze (2014, p.622) asserts that lack of ‘women in senior positions coupled with the low participation rates amongst women aged between 25 and 44 years indicate inefficient use of the female talent’. Critical reflection on personal experience The module has been of critical importance in my personal development. First, the contents of the module have led to a deep understanding on how to apply strategic management practices in the workplace. This g oal has been achieved by the appreciation of different models that can assist organisational managers in understanding the external and internal business environments. Some of the models that I will apply in my strategic management practices include value chain analysis and the integration of resource-based view. Therefore, the module has been a critical source of insight on how to formulate effective business and corporate level strategies. With reference to the resource-based view, the module has led to the appreciation of the importance of exploiting the talent possessed by employees irrespective of their gender. The module on women in business has contributed to a significant appreciation of women as a critical component of the global labour market. Therefore, organisations should incorporate women in their human capital base in order to exploit the female talent. For example, the available literature shows that women are more emphatic on business ethics as compared to their mal e counterparts. Ethics has become one of the foundations in attaining long-term business excellence. Thus, providing women with managerial opportunity in the workplace is essential in transforming organisations into ethical business entities. Furthermore, the module has been a critical source of insight on the challenges that women encounter in paid-work forms of employment. Women have been considered as unequal in the workplaces over the past decades. This aspect has translated into the existence of discriminatory practices against women. Some of the most common discriminatory practices entail failure to provide women with an opportunity to hold managerial positions. These practices have mainly originated from the existence of sex stereotype and discrimination that associates women with domestic roles such as the provision of childcare. However, women have been extensively involved in business by venturing into entrepreneurship over the past few years. Despite the notion that women are inexperienced coupled with the lack of the necessary educational qualification, they have been successful in entrepreneurship. Therefore, in the course of undertaking future managerial roles in the workplace, I will ensure that the concept of equity is applied effectively. This move will provide all individuals in the workplace with an opportunity to progress through their desired career path. By appreciating the aspects learnt in the module, I will be in a position to be an effective organisational leader. This goal will be achieved by adopting strategies that focus on optimising the contribution of human capital to organisational success. Reference List Bernard, M 2000, Women ageing; changes identities, challenging myths, Psychology Press, Chicago. Brush, C 2006, Growth-oriented women entrepreneurs and their businesses a global research perspective, Edward Elgar Publishers, Cheltenham. Gaze, B 2014, Gender equality reporting and the future of equal opportunity at work, Melbou rne Law School, Melbourne. Joanne, P 2013, ‘Women, choice and promotion or why women are still a minority in the professoriate’, Journal of Higher Education Policy Management, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 444-454. Kim, S Sherraden, M 2014, ‘The impact of gender and social networks on micro-enterprise business performance’, Journal of Sociology Social Welfare, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 49-65. Locklin, N 2007, Women’s work and identity in eighteenth –century Brittany, Ashgate Publishers, Aldershot. Michailidis, M, Morphitou, R Theophylatou, I 2012, ‘ Women at work equality versus inequality; barriers for advancing in the workplace’, International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 23, no. 20, pp. 4321-4245. Wang, L Calvano, L 2015, ‘Is business ethics education effective? An analysis of gender, personal ethical perspectives and moral judgement ‘, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 2, no.1, pp. 591-602. This report on Gender in Business Practice and Theory was written and submitted by user Maleah Cox to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Man Of Steel essays

The Man Of Steel essays I am a person who believes that all people should be treated fairly. I believe in the freedom of thought, the freedom of religion, the freedom of speech, but most of all the freedom to control ones own destiny. During his dictatorship Joseph Stalin stripped his people not only of freedom of thought, religion and speech, but of many other rights as well. Although Joseph Stalin managed to bring about great changes in a very short period of time, I believe that the results were not worth the price paid by his country and its people. Stalins first major policy that he enforced came in the form of a five-year plan. This was created to help build up the industry and economy of Russia. It included using a command economy, which forced people to work when, where and for how long the government dictated. This was to help eliminate unemployment and to stress the importance in equality of work. This plan also was to limit the production of consumer goods, and instead invest in mines, railroads, energy sources and heavy industry. Once this plan was put into action, drastic changes were immediately evident. Russias industry and economy rose to new levels. In his efforts to enforce this plan, Stalin was especially cruel to the people of Russia. Anyone who he thought was being disloyal, or trying to get out of his/her share of work would be immediately arrested and most times executed. As a result of this, many lives were lost. Stalin gave no consideration to the freedoms or rights of his people; he used them li ke slaves and treated them like animals. During the implementation of Stalins first five-year plan, much of the dignity of the Russian people was lost. The second policy enforced by Stalin was one of collective farming. In trying to spark the industry and the economy Stalin took all the land away from the farmers. He would move the families into a large area of land that would be worked by hund ...

Sexual Harassment in Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sexual Harassment in Workplace - Essay Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that the issue of sexual harassment has become a common problem in many organizations. This proposal aims at finding means of eliminating sexual harassment. Some people claim that they did not know the acts which amount to sexual harassment and this proposal is aimed at creating awareness of the acts which a referred to as sexual harassment to employees or employer. Sexual harassment is a crime and individuals who commit the act are held reliable and punished by law. This punishment should not be limited when the act is carried out in Pepsi but the perpetrators should be punished as it can reduce the morale of the employees or victim. Many of the workers who commit the act in Pepsi claim that they are not aware that the act they committed could be regarded as sexual harassment. Before going into details, the proposal has to explain the circumstances in which sexual harassment takes place and the effects. There are differe nt circumstances in which the actions occur or take place. The harasser and survivor can be of similar gender. They can also be of different gender like a woman being harassed by a man. Women can also be perpetrators of sexual assault in a workplace it does not mean that only men commit the act. In order for the act to be regarded as sexual harassment, the harasser’s actions should not be welcomed by the victim. Sexual harassment leads to different effects when committed at a workplace. The act leads to poor work concentration. The victim may have low self-esteem and the harasser may fail to concentrate with work and focus on how to harass the victim. The act may also lead to anxiety, drug or alcohol abuse, increased absenteeism, poor staff morale and less teamwork. Organizations with multiple incidents of sexual harassment have low staff productivity. An increase of the act will make the Pepsi’s employees be less productive and the issues should be addressed. Sexual h arassment is a serious offense in a workplace as it creates a bad image for an organization. The act ruins the entire business operations of Pepsi. Many organization keeps complaining as secrete and solve the issue within the organization in order to protect the reputation of the organization.

Discuss accrual accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discuss accrual accounting - Essay Example s with uncollectible accounts expense and valuation method is used for reducing the amount of accounts receivable in the balance sheet known as the Net Realizable Value (Needles, Powers & Crosson, 2011). The net credit sales of the current period are multiplied by a certain percentage and this percentage is determined by the company’s past experiences. However, the new companies decide the percentage figure by evaluating the businesses that are present in the same industry. Assuming that a business has net credit sales of $100,000 and the estimated percentage for uncollectibles is about 1%, the bad debts expense will have debit of $1,000. If there is credit allowance for doubtful debts of $150, then the total amount to be recorded is $1,150. In this method, the bad debts expense is calculated by multiplying the total Accounts Receivable amount by a pre-determined percentage. For example, if a company has Accounts Receivable of $100,000 at the end of the accounting period and it is estimated that 5% will not be collected, then the bad debts expense amount will be $5,000 at the end of the period. In the aging method, it is believed that the longer an account’s balance is overdue; there are fewer chances that the debt will be paid and every company maintains the accounts receivable schedule of aging for categorizing the credit purchases of each customer in accordance to the time duration that they have remained outstanding. The total balance of each category is then multiplied by the estimated percentage for that particular category to determine the amount of uncollectible accounts and the total of categories then give the final figure of bad debts expense. Among all the techniques used in the allowance method, the most reliable one is the aging method as it gives a true picture to the business about the amount of Accounts Receivable that will most likely be not collected by the company. This method is the most effective option as it records the expenses on a

MHE514 Module 4 Case - War and Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MHE514 Module 4 Case - War and Terrorism - Essay Example Furthermore, people may not always show the effects physically. A large percentage of the veterans carry emotional, mental or social scarring. Beginning right after the war in 1991, previously healthy veterans began claiming that they suffered from illnesses and symptoms of other diseases because of the conditions they had suffered through in the war. These reports initially came from American veterans, and was soon followed by British and Canadian veterans. The media quickly took up this story and this phenomenon was given the term Gulf War Syndrome, which was said to be an illness unique to Gulf war veterans. American and British researchers began conducting studies about the claims of the war veterans. However, they discovered no unusual patterns of illnesses among the hundreds of thousands of war veterans they studied. Their diagnoses only showed â€Å"medically unexplained symptoms and syndromes† such as dizziness, affective problems, fatigue, joint and muscle aches, cognitive problems, headaches, respiratory complaints, gastrointestinal problems, sleep disturbances, skin problems, musculoskeletal disorders, re spiratory conditions, and post-traumatic stress disorder (Coker, Bhatt, Blatchley, & Graham, 1999; Coker, 1996; Joseph, 1997). However, news of the Gulf War Syndrome continued to spread with the media reporting cases of veterans having children with deformities and an increase of the death rates of Gulf War veterans, mainly due to cancer (Arneta, Schlangen, Edmonds, Destiche, Merz, Hobbs, et al, 2003). Again, these news reports were refuted by studies done by American and British researchers. Research findings showed that war veterans’ deaths were mainly caused by accidents or suicides (mostly in US veterans) rather than from any illness caused by side effects of the war (MacFarlane, Thomas & Cherry, 2000) Another

The History Of Psychology and Philosophy

The History Of Psychology and Philosophy Throughout the course of history, psychology has taken shape and formed into a field of science that is essential in modern times. Psychologys origins are deeply rooted in the field of philosophy, dating back to the ancient Greeks with such recognizable names as Aristotle and Plato, who began contemplating the causes of human behavior before even physiology and anatomy would connect the brain to behavior. Many philosophers have attempted to explain the basis for our behavior, but few have been influential and ingenious enough to have not only changed the face of psychology, but lead it into a new direction and devise theories still considered germane today. With the growing popularity of psychology in the field of philosophy, it was only a matter of time before psychology captured the interest of academics with a more scientific approach to determining and explaining the causes for human behavior. Following on the footsteps of Wilhelm Wundt and William James, the founding fathers of modern psychology, many scientists clamored to disprove current theories. As centuries have passed, and our knowledge and technology continues to advance, few philosophers and scientists have been so close to the mark with their theories to have influenced the field so greatly and still remain a vital part of our research, experiments, and theories today. John Locke, a 17th century English philosopher, and Charles Darwin, a 19th century naturalist and scientist are two men who fall into that category. John Lockes theories on how we gain knowledge were a turning point in child psychology in a time where children were meant to be seen and not heard. His beliefs still have validity today where the argument of nature vs. nurture comes into play. Charles Darwin catapulted functionalism to the head of the line in the field of psychology and opened up psychology to every field of research and data collection where human behavior is concerned. Darwins theory of evolution is still a major focus in many fields of psychology and was one of the most important developm ents, to this date, in the field of psychology. PHILOSOPHY John Locke was one of many philosophers of his time who believed that knowledge was gained through experience, and is often identified as the first of the great English empiricists. This title is often bestowed upon him due to his book, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, in which one of his most substantial goals was to determine the limits of human understanding. While Lockes most important lifes work was in the political arena, he put the same ideas to work in the field of psychology. Lockes disdain for authority lead him to extend his beliefs beyond politics; he wanted people to use reason to search for truth rather than simply accepting the opinion of authorities, or hinge their beliefs on superstition. This is how he approached his study of cognitive functioning. Locke did not agree with Descartes theory that knowledge can be innate, knowledge that we have gained without having experience and developed out of our consciousness. This is where his political ideas and his philosophical ideas crossed paths. It was Lockes belief that we are obligated to acquire knowledge and not just accept what we are told; knowledge is not innate, our mind gains simple information and builds complex ideas. Locke subscribed to the same basic idea that as Aristotle had, hundreds of years earlier, that the mind is a blank slate, or tabula rasa, when we are born. He applied this concept to children, which was quite radical for that time. Locke argued that children are not innately bad, they are born with this blank slate, and their experiences are substantial in deciding their characteristics as adults. He believed that children developed bad thinking habits and in order to dissuade this, children needed to be taught to base their beliefs on strong, fact based notio ns rather than simply believing what is meant to be understood as fact. This idea of a blank slate, is still argued by psychologists today. This is the same as the nature vs. nurture theory. Locke simply believed that everything is nurture, and who we become is based upon our environment and what we experience. He urged parents to spend time with their children, and guide them to help them develop into honorable members of society. While we now know, based upon years of research and study, that heredity and genetics are part of what decides our fate as we develop into adulthood, experience is highly implemental to our emotional and social development. Lockes argument was based upon two different types of experience, sensation and reflection. Sensation is based upon external experiences such as color, sound, and motion and reflection is based upon internal experiences, which cause the mind to reflect upon these sensations we have experienced and form thoughts and ideas, building our knowledge. This is where we collect our simple ideas, which then build and grow into complex ideas. Sensation helps us to form simple, very basic ideas. Reflection of those sensations causes us to add those stored simple ideas together to form a complex idea, thereby adding to our knowledge base. The notion of combining or compounding ideas and the reverse notion of analyzing them marks the beginning of the mental -chemistry approach to the problem of association. (Schultz Schultz, 2008 2007 Pg. 41) Association is, simply put, learning. SCIENCE Charles Darwin is probably one of the most renowned scientists who developed one of the most debated theories in history, the Theory of Evolution. Darwins ideas started formulating while he acted as the naturalist on a five-year voyage on the HMS Beagle. While aboard the Beagle, Darwin kept meticulous notes of his observations, and collected countless biologic and geologic specimens that were sent back to England. From these notes and specimens, Darwin penned three books on South American geology, published numerous scientific papers on zoology, and began his notebook on the transmutation of species. After his return, Darwin began communicating with breeders, zookeepers, naturalists, and gardeners to collect facts and gather evidence to support his theory of evolution. Two years later, Darwin became entranced by a two-year-old orangutan named Jenny, on display at the London Zoo. He was so taken by Jenny that he returned several times to observe and interact with her, until she died from an illness after only two years in captivity. Darwins reaction was that of profound astonishment evident in his notebook: Let man visit Orangoutang in domestication, see its intelligenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and then let him boast of his proud pre-eminenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Man in his arrogance thinks himself a great work, worthy the interposition of a diety. More humble, and I believe true, to consider him created from animals (as cited in Schultz, Schultz 2008 2007, Pg. 125). Darwin was not the first scientist to broach the subject of evolution. Ancient Greek philosophers argued the evolution of all life forms from air and water. A century before Darwin was born, German philosopher Immanuel Kant had a theory that closely resembled Darwins. He surmised that all life forms came from one single ancestor, and lower life forms may have adapted and evolved as needed for survival. Erasmus Darwin, Charless grandfather, also wrote of the relationship of all forms of life. While evolution was not necessarily a new or original concept, but the evidence and data Darwin collected, accompanied by his Origin of Species, was enough to start the chain of events that changed the direction of psychology. From Darwins theory of evolution came a deepening interest in studying the similarities of mental processes between humans and animals, prompting the field of comparative psychology, the study of animal behavior. Comparative psychology elicited the works of behaviorists Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner, both of whom were highly influential in launching the behaviorist movement. Darwins theory of natural selection lead psychologists to delve deeper into researching individual differences amongst people in an attempt to find out why some thrived while others barely rise above average. Alfred Binets intelligence tests were developed while the focus on individual differences was burgeoning, as intelligence is a major focus for studying differences between individuals. Evolutionary psychology was obviously, spawned by Darwins theory. Evolutionary psychology is a field of cognitive psychology that is dedicated to explaining the causes of human behavior based upon adaptation and natural selecti on. Darwins theory of evolution took the spotlight off structuralism, and shined it directly at functionalism. The structuralism theories and works of Wundt and Titchener were not answering the questions that the psychologists of the time wanted answered. This switch to functionalism, catapulted by Darwin, sparked a desire to apply psychology to everyday life and the issues people face and of how adapt and function in different environments. CONCLUSION Rene Descartes, a 17th century French philosopher and mathematician brought about a spreading desire to explain the mind-body problem. This was the beginning of modern psychology. What followed was a stream of philosophers formulating theories and scientists who helped to make psychology and specific field of science. Many of the theories of the founding fathers of psychology, whether philosopher, scientist, physiologist, purveyor of structuralism or functionalism, are outdated and have been proven to be highly inaccurate, or completely without validity. Few theories have been able to stand the test of time, regardless of their influence and contributions to the field. John Lockes theories were the basis for a completely different view of child psychology and still hold validity today. While Locke was not completely correct with his idea of tabula rasa, starting life with a blank slate, the notion that our experiences shape who we become and are highly influential to our development is still a valid argument. Nature vs. nurture is one of the most valid theories in psychology today, and Lockes theory is derived from the nurture side. Charles Darwin did not start the concept of evolution, the theory had been circulating for centuries before he even cracked open his first notebook. However, his theories of evolution and natural selection set the tone for studies and research that continues to thrive. His theory of natural selection is valid in that we are constantly adapting and changing as our environment and circumstances change. Darwins theory came from every area of study from geology to zoology, and biology to animal husbandry. Those avenues of information and the combining of knowledge from different fields and areas of science are still open to us and have been extremely beneficial in continuing to broaden our efforts to explain the behavior of our fellow human beings. Darwins theory highlighted the importance of studying individuals, and continues with behavior analysts and experimental psychologists worldwide. With the thoroughness and painstakingly detailed documentation and supporting evidence Darwin col lected it would be difficult to pinpoint much that is not valid today from a psychological standpoint. The only true debates where Darwins theories are concerned seem to stem from religion circles and creationists, which has little bearing on the attempt to explain human behavior. Reference Page Schultz, Duane P. Schultz, Sydney E., (2008, 2007), History of Psychology PS210, Cengage Learning: Mason, OH. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/darwinism/

Villalve Qualitative Article :: Article Review

I had some trouble determining which of the two articles that I read would be most beneficial for the class to read. The quantitative piece on Chinese learners of English fit very well with the course. It exemplified the word recognition view of reading that we have discussed and addressed themes and theoretical frameworks (common underlying proficiency, contrastive analysis, the monolingual perspective) that have come up on many occasions in our class. In the end however I chose the qualitative article from Villalve. My primary justification for this is that the article is so different from the readings we have done in class that I feel it has something more unique to contribute. The primary focus of the article was to consider diverse literacy practices in detail and also to look at approaches to inquiry, learning, and meaning making. In order to do this, Villalve took a case study approach to look at two 17 year-old bilingual Latina students during their last year of high school. These students were involved in an ongoing senior writing project that entailed collecting information from a diverse set of resources, collaborating with other students and school faculty, and finally submitting a thesis and making a final presentation. From this it is clear that one of the primary ways that this article differs from much of what our class has read so far is the age of the students involved. Relatively little data seems to exist on literacy practices of high school bilinguals and this is one reason I feel this article has something to offer the class. Another somewhat unique feature of this article relative to much of the other work we have looked at is the research paradigm and theoretical framework for the work. In terms of Mertens research paradigms, this article fits both into a constructivist and transformative frame. The reliance on the work of Fairclough (2001) and others and the concern with broad societal level discourse practices set this article apart from other pieces we have read. Also, in terms of the theoretical frames, Villalve utilizes an ecological approach to frame her data collection and analysis. For this she makes use of Barton (1994) in particular to define her 3-part framework for data analysis. Her 3 levels of analysis are hierarchical and start from the level of language as artifact (physical samples of writing etc.) From this she moves up to 2 larger frames of interaction and imagination and finally systems and contexts.

Managing human resources

Any person, who has a physical impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, has a record of such impairment or is regarded as having such impairment or is regarded as having such impairment. It involves heaving, mobility, visual impairment, chronic alcoholism, and chronic mental illness. From the article it is necessary to provide assistance to individuals with disabilities to lead a productive life. People with disabilities are of ten unable to obtain health care insurance that provides coverage of the services and supports to enable them to live independently and enter or rejoin the workforce. Personal assistance services such as attendant services, assistance with transportation to and from work, reader services, job coaches and related service may remove barriers between significant disability and work. A company should have a proper policy in dealing with employees with disabilities. They should be treated as equals at the workplace who also are able to deliver services like those ones without disabilities specialized training should be conducted by the company management to thoroughly equip those with disabilities in order to handle any type of job at the workplace. For individuals with disabilities the fear of losing health care and related services is one of the greatest barriers keeping individuals from maximizing their employment, earning potential and independence. On December 1999 President Clinton signed a law that encouraged states to adopt the option of allowing people with disabilities acquire medical coverage that is vital to enable such individuals to maintain employment. In short people with disabilities may have functional limitations that may create barriers in employment e.g. acquiring requisite education, experience and expertise to perform essential functions of a job but maybe unable to perform non-essential job like turning pages without assistance. Employers should assist qualified individuals with disabilities overcome particular barriers to their employment resulting from their functional limitations. Personal assistance services are form of assistance used by persons with disabilities to perform tasks that the person would perform for himself or herself if he/she did not have disability. Personal assistance services include assistance with services that include reading, communication and performing manual tasks e.g. assisting in bathing, eating personal hygiene and dressing. Job related assistance in the performance of such tasks as reading communication and performance of non-essential manual tasks; business related travel maybe considered reasonable accommodations. Many computer users with disabilities especially those with impairments have been left out in recent transition from traditional character based computing to the new graphical user interface (GUI). â€Å"The broad movement toward graphical applications using buttons that cannot be read aloud or translated into Braille has sparked widespread concern among the blind† writes David Wilson in the chronicle of higher education. Sears merchandise troop is establishing an example of act that provides a model for other organizations seeking to provide universal access to InfoTech for employees with disabilities. In 1992 it provided its staff with personal computers running applications in a local area network. Sears identified twelve associates with disabilities who needed accommodations to use the same standard computing resources. Sears goal was to provide universal access to the same technology and applications for all associates. Sears objectives were to allow associates with disabilities use the same G.UI environment and applications as their workgroups, enable adept manager plan and budget for addition of a qualified blind employee of dept of staff; all the company evaluate blind candidates for employment and advancement on equal footing with sighted candidates. The managerial function of staffing, according to G.A. Cole, management theory and practice, (1996) is defined as filling and keeping filled all the positions in the organization structure. This is done by identifying the workforce requirements, inventorying the people available and recruiting, selecting, placing, training and developing, promoting and compensating the job holders that they can accomplish their tasks efficiently and effectively staffing is therefore the process which starts with the human resources needs, recruiting new employees into the organization and continued through separation of employees in the organization and continued through separation of employees n the organization. Recruitment is a major staffing or procurement process. It deals with providing human inputs to the organization it makes it possible for organization to acquire the number and the type of the people necessary to ensure the continued operation of the organization. Recruitment is therefore the process of attracting potential job candidates to apply for vacant positions in the organization that is, it is a searching process. Sources of recruitments include; internal sources which involves recruiting from within the organization through promotion or deployment of qualified personnel. Interviews may also be conducted to select the candidates fro various types of jobs in the organization in the organization. Some of the advantages of sourcing from within the organization are that, it improves employees morale; the employer is in a better position to evaluate the presently employed than outside candidates promotes loyalty among employees for it gives them a sense of job security and opportunity for it gives them a sense of job security and opportunity for advancement, It is less, costly than going outside to recruit, also recruiting from within has little training needed by the employees who are currently serving in the organization, it also promotes a positive organizational culture for example organizational cohesiveness. Some of the disadvantages of recruiting from within are that it leads to in breeding that is organizational stagnation; there is possibility that internal sources may dry-up and may be difficult to find the required personnel from within. External sources of staffing refer to the supply of personnel manpower from sources outside the organization. The sources may include; new entrants to the labor markets for example fresh college graduates; retired experienced persons, presently employed persons from other organization or unemployed already in the labor market with a wide range of skills and ability. Some of the advantages of external sources of recruitment includes the fact that the external sources may provide personnel having skills, training or education required by the organization from external market sources an organization may acquire potential employees who are experienced, trained and does not require extra training for their job hence this may reduce the cost of training to the organization. Employee’s selection according to John Toye, Employment policy, (1975) is the process by which job candidates are assessed or screened to determine their suitability for a given job. The purpose of selection is to help employers secure for evaluating their suitability from the advertised positions. It involves a series of successive hurdles designed to eliminate unqualified applicant at any point in the process that is when facts come to light which may lead to the rejection of candidate. Not all selection process or steps, however, include many barriers. The complexity of any process usually increases with the level and responsibility of the position to be filled. Some of the steps involved in selection includes; preliminary   interviews; selection interviews; employment tests; assessment centers; medical examinations; reference checks and the final selection and the consequent approval by the top managers. According to G.A. Cole, managerial theory and practice (1996) job training can be defined as a short-term process by which skills and capabilities of non-managerial employees are improved, though a system and organized procedure so as to enable them to be more productive an their jobs. Thus, training is job centered or task oriented which is centered with importing specific skills to subordinate staffs. Job development is used with reference to training given to managers and executives in an organization; thus management or executive development is along-term educational growth process by which managerial person and gains and learns conceptual knowledge for general managerial or administrative purposes. The objectives of training and development are that; training improve technical capacity of an individual on job performance, improves health or safety of employees hence industrial, reduces sported work hence less scrap or material wastage. This reduces the cost of production, prepares personal for future jobs challenges an promotions, enables the employers adapt to a change to work method or procedures, enables two employers learn method of operating real machines and equipment ins talked by a organization example a computer. There are various methods of job training such as on-job training which entails looking what your colleague is doing. This is an internal training method commonest mode of training and the most appropriate method of training employees for the skills required for a specific job. This method is very cheap as the learner is in the wok place where he/she s expected to working in, the learner uses the equipment he is expected to use and also he/she is able to learn the rules, procedure under careful company eyes and is able and easier to size them up. Off the job training is done externally. It ensures that special training equipments are available and the training is of higher equipment are available and the training is of higher quality because it is offered by experts, specialists from outside, the trainee is able to learn in a planned stages using special exercise especially in difficult areas of the job. Off the job training is done lectures can be used where a large group is being trained for a short period of time. In order to improve the effectiveness of training, there must be specific objectives for training. An attempt should be made to determine the suitability of a trainee for potentiality and ability. The trainee must be assisted to see the need for the training. Attempts must be made to create organizational conditions that are good or conductive to learning. A good compensation to employees should be administered through wage and salary administration so as to improve the service delivery of employees. Salary and wage administration involves the direction of programs designed to implement payment of monetary/non monetary rewards to employees. The primary financial reward is pay in form of wages and salaries, sometimes referred to as compensation or remuneration. The objectives of employees compensations programs are designed to attract capable employees to the organization, to motivate them towards superior performance, retain their services over an extended period of time. Employee’s performance appraisal should be done to evaluate the performance and give the feedback on which performance adjustment can be made. REFERENCES 1. G. A. Cole Management Theory and Practice (1996) 2. John Toye Employment Policy, (1995) 3. www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/         

Lab Report Determination of Boiling Point Essays

Lab Report Determination of Boiling Point Essays Lab Report Determination of Boiling Point Paper Lab Report Determination of Boiling Point Paper The purpose of this experiment is to determine the boiling points of various organic compounds and to use these to identify unknowns. Equipment / Materials: hot plate closed end capillary tube hermetic liquid organic compounds 250 ml beaker small test tube Safety: Always wear safety glasses in the lab. Capillary tubes break very easily, handle them with caution. Be careful with the thermometer. Proceed re: Place a few millimeters of a known liquid organic compound in a small test tube. Place the capillary tube into the test tube with the closed end upward. Clamp the test tube to a ring stand, and immerse a thermometer in the test Fill a 250 ml beaker 3/4 full with water, and place on the hot plate. Carefully lower the test tube and thermometer combination into the beaker of water so hat the test tube is immersed half way in the water. Begin to heat the hot plate/water slowly. As the liquid approaches its boiling point, a few bubbles will be observed flowing out of the end of the capillary tube. When steady stream of bubbles are observed, turn off the hot plate and allow the contents of the test tube to cool. As the contents of the test tube cools, observe the capillary tube carefully. When the liquid begins to flow into the capillary tube, record the temperature of the liquid as its boiling point temperature. Obtain an unknown liquid, and repeat steps 1-6.

Lawmen of the Wild West essays

Lawmen of the Wild West essays During the time of Manifest Destiny, there were many law-breaking son of a guns, so in order to get rid of those scalawags that thought they could rob people, trains, and stores, in this paper I will talk about the four main lawmen of the west, Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp, Morgan Earp, Virgil Earp, and Doc Holliday. Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp was born in Monmouth, Illinois on March 19, 1848, born to Nicholas Earp and Virginia Ann Cooksey Wyatt was the second youngest of the four Earp boys. In 1864, Wyatt moved with his parents to Colton, California, that is where he got a job as a teamster, and a railroad worker. In 1870, Wyatt returned home and married, but after he suddenly lost his wife to Typhoid Fever he traveled to the Indian Territory, working as a stagecoach driver, and a buffalo hunter. In 1875 he journeyed off to Wichita, Kansas to join the police force. From there, in 1878 he went to Dodge City, Kansas where he became a Faro dealer at the Famous Long Branch Saloon, and the assistant sheriff there. There he met Bat Masterson, and Doc Holliday, and there he befriended them. He left Dodge City, with a reputation as a notable lawman and a gambler. Wyatt and Doc Holliday traveled to New Mexico, and California, and got a job as a Wells Fargo Agent, but that didnt last long. In1879, he joined with his brothers and traveled to the new silver mining town of Tombstone, Arizona. Wyatt planned to create a stagecoach line there, but finding that there has already been one, he acquired a job at the Gambling Concession at the Oriental Saloon. And it was there where Wyatt met his new wife, Josephine Marcus Earp. On October 26, 1881, a feud between the Earps and the Clanton gang, led by Ike Clanton broke out, this was the shootout at the O.K.Corral, Wyatt Earp survived. Virgil was the second oldest of the Earp group, he was born on July 18, 1843, in ...

Economic Implications for Producer Investments in Value-Added Business Research Paper

Economic Implications for Producer Investments in Value-Added Business - Research Paper Example This has resulted in the increase of production costs and lowering of profits for the grower of commodities that run the cycle of human existence. Consequently, the producers are identifying opportunities for their own growth and investing in value addition of the products that they produce. This removes many of the intermediaries in the supply chain resulting in lowered prices for the consumer and increasing profits for the producer. For today’s growers, the reins of the future are in their hands. Producer investments in value added business with a workable strategy is not only lucrative but also increases the potential of the producer with minimum output, therefore a very attractive option for the producers around the world. Economic Implications for Producer Investments in Value-Added Business The global economic spectrum has changed drastically in the last decade. The rise in population, inflation and prices of raw materials has changed the economic equilibrium that existed in demand and supply change. With the rise in population, the demand for food items is also on the rise resulting in increasing demand of agriculture produce. This should mean higher income opportunities for the producers. The fact is the other way around due to the rise in the prices of raw materials required for agriculture and diminishing consumer capability to buy. As a result, the returns that the farmers and the ranchers earn on agriculture produce decreases thereby affecting the entire rural class that makes up a good number of populations in many agriculture-producing countries. To get higher returns, more farmers and growers are investing in their produce to make them more value added even to the level of retailer. With the final produce reaching the stores and retailers directly from the prod ucers, the profit margins for the agriculture related people has increased significantly resulting in growth of agriculture and of economic prosperity of the growers. Another benefit that the farmers get through these investments is freedom from industrial exploitation making it very beneficial for them (pg11-18, Tadlock Cowan, 2003). The Need of Producer Investment in Value Added Businesses The growing competition in the global market is changing the attitudes of the farmers by motivating them to improve their quality of produce by employing latest technology in farming and growing. Today, the farmers know the market economies and the latest technology that they can use to convert their produced raw material to more finished goods. The modern growers keep in the view the requirements of the end-user of the produce and try to develop the products keeping that in mind. This bold change in the

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You are tasked with analyzing the last four years of accounts of a global mining company - Essay Example Graph 1 shows the company’s liquidity ratios over the four-year period. All the point ratios are less than one, and this means that performance of the company in management of short-term assets and liabilities is poor. In addition, current ratio and quick ratio have a declining trend, and this means that the organization’s management of liquidity worsened over the period. The two ratios, however improved from year 1 to year 2 before assuming the decreasing trend. Cash ratio reported an increasing trend but it was too low, with a maximum value of only 0.15. Correlation analysis of the ratios identifies a positive correlation between current ratio and quick ratio and a negative correlation between cash ratio and both current and quick ratio. Table 1 shows the correlation coefficients. Long-term solvency ratios are indicators of management’s efficiency in long-term management of resources. The ratios compare internal and external funding that an organization has and are inversely proportional to management efficiency (Thukaram 2007, p. 90). Times interest earned ration and cash coverage ratios are however inversely proportional to management efficiency (Mayes & Shank 2011, p. 118). From the graph, total debt ratio is low, over the entire period, and debt to equity ratio and equity multiplier ratio falls to lower values by year 1. The three ratios then decreases with time, indicating improved performance, which can be forecasted. Times-interest ratio and cash coverage ratio also show an improvement trend in performance because of their increasing trends over the period. Performance in management of long-term solvency is therefore strong and show improvement possibility. Asset turnover is another performance indicator that shows asset utilization in an organization. Inventory turnover, receivable turnover, and total asset turnover measures are directly proportional to management efficiency while days of realization and capital intensity are inversely